March 6-9 Hiding in Plain Sight from Germans and French Milice

March 9th, 2021

March 6-9, 1944

Shot down March 5, 1944, still hiding from the Germans and French Milice.

I spent the night in a house in plain sight in Casteljaloux, France. I was hidden under the house in a space which extended from the front to the back of the house, a small window at either end so two chances of escape should the Germans come. The floor was dirt.

I stayed one day and that night, Dr. Henri and I rode bikes to a farm set far off the main road in Pompogne. I stayed in the little boy’s room while he slept with his parents.

The next day, the mother fed me breakfast. The father mimed his thoughts since he spoke no English and I spoke no French.

The next two days, the 5-year-old, whose name I later learned was Jean-Pierre, took me fishing in their pond and we kicked a ball around. I was itching to go fight Germans even if I had to do it on the ground.

(Note from Victoria Yeager: General Yeager and I met Jean-Pierre Jolis and his wife Claudine in 2010 and visited again several times over the years, the last being 2019. Jean-Pierre told me he didn’t do anything to save F/O Yeager, it was his parents who protected F/O Yeager. I replied: You kept General Yeager busy – otherwise he might have tried to fight Germans and gotten killed. Years later, Jean-Pierre became Mayor of Pompogne. Jean-Pierre told us that he was used to strangers – his parents helped a lot of folks during World War II. He became a butcher in Paris with his older brother. His father became ill so he brought his Parisian wife to Pompogne so he could help his father manage the farm and stayed. More stories re our visits with Jean-Pierre and Claudine to follow much later.)

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Germans at the Door – Escape and Evasion Continues

March 7th, 2021

March 5, 1944 continued

I decided to stay put until dark. Several times I hear low-flying planes-Germans hunting for me. I’m sweating but stay well-hidden under thick brush. I saw a lot of farmland coming down and at night I’ll pop out of these woods long enough to raid some turnips and potatoes. I figure a French farmer is no match for a hungry hillbilly. But long before dark, it begins to rain, and there are no more search planes. I eat a stale chocolate bar from my survival kit.

Then I peek out and see a woodcutter shouldering a heavy az. I decide to rush him from behind and get that ax. Killing him if necessary. I jump him and he drops the ax, almost dead with fright. With eyes the size of quarters, he stares at the pistol I’m waving in his face. He speaks no English, so I talk at him like Tarzan: “Me American. Need help. Find underground.”

He jabbers back in excited French, and if I understand right, he tells me he will go get somebody who speaks English. I read his face, which is scared but friendly. He grins and nods when I say I’m an American. Puts a finger to his lips to whisper, “Boche,” then hurries off into the forest, after signaling me to stay hidden and wait for him to get back. I keep his ax and watch him run off; then I move across the path into a stand of big trees, wondering if I should take off or wait for him. Can I trust this guy?

Long before I see them, I hear returning footsteps. Definitely more than one person, but whether they are more than two. I can’t tell. It’s been ore than an hour since that woodcutter took off. I move back into the stand of trees and drop down. My pistol is pointing at the path. I won’t get very far if he’s brought a squad of German soldiers. I’m burrowed into the wet ground, my heart thudding like a five-hundred-pound bomb as the footsteps stop. My impulse is to turn tail and run, but I check it.

Then I hear a voice calling me in a whisper. “American, a friend is here. Come out.”

(Note from Victoria: Gen Yeager and I learned recently that F/O Yeager had approached the head of the Maquis for that area; M. LeFarge. Later, M. LeFarge’s son became mayor of Cours les Bains followed by Etienne Labardin, the man who held onto the window of General Yeager’s canopy for 70 years.)

First, they take me to a nearby house where a young woman’s husband had been conscripted by the Germans. The wife gave me her husband’s clothes, about my size.

Then the old man leads the way through the deepest, darkest part of the woods. German patrols are all around us, hunting for me. Several times we think we hear distant voices and scramble to hide in the brush. But soon we are circling a clearing, staying in the shadows of the pines, and I see a two-story stone farmhouse. The old man nudges me, bends low, and runs across the open field toward the house. I follow him, expecting to hear rifle shots any moment. I forget my wounded leg and move. He leads me to the back of the house, and I follow him into a barn, and up a ladder to the hayloft. He opens a door to a small room used to store tools and pitchforks, and pushes me in. Then he shuts the door, locks it, and begins pitching hay against my hiding place. I’m drenched in sweat. The small room is almost airless and pitch dark with barely room for me to sit. I’m trapped in this damned place and begin to wonder whether or not I’ve been trapped by the old guy: made a prisoner while he runs to get the Germans and maybe pick up a cash reward. I argue with myself about that lousy possibility, but not for long: there are German voices in that barn, and I hear them climbing the ladder to the hayloft.

My automatic is out, my finger on the trigger. The sounds are muffled but definite: they’re rummaging in the hay, stabbing into it with bayonets like in a war movie. They come close. I don’t know how long I sweat it out, but straining to hear, I hear nothing. I never hear them leave, if they have. Maybe they are just sitting out there, having a smoke, and playing a nasty game with me.

They come for me several hours later. I hear the sounds of hay being moved; by then, the .45 feels like it weighs fifty pounds, and it takes both of my aching hands to hold it. Before he opens the door, the old man wisely whispers: “It’s me. You’re okay. They’re gone.”

When he unlocks the door, I don’t know whether to hug him or shoot him. I’ve no idea what is going on. We move quickly from the barn into the farmhouse, and I’m amazed to see it is already dusk. He leads my up a flight of wooden stairs to the second floor, and we enter a bedroom where a woman is sitting up in bed, wrapped in a shawl and surrounded by medicine bottles. She’s about 55, with keen, intelligent eyes, and when she sees me, she begins to chuckle. “Why, you’re just a boy,” she exclaims. “My God, has America run out of men already?”

I tell her most pilots are young and that I’m 21. She speaks perfect English and begins to question me – my name and background. I shake my head when she asks me if I’m married, and her eyes narrow. “What about that?” she asks, pointing to my high-school ring, which I wear on my right hand, where Europeans wear wedding rings. I explain and she seems satisfied. “We must be very careful,” she says. “The Nazis are using English-speaking infiltrators to pose as downed American fliers.”

She’s satisfied that I’m not that I’m not a German, although she is puzzled by my West Virginia accent.

We hear Germans at the foot of the staircase. She motions to me to get under the bed. I scramble as fast as I can. The Germans enter her room. She has pulled up the covers and asks the Germans what do they want with a sick old woman?

Horrified, this is pre-penicillin and sickness is no joking matter, and embarrassed at their undignified barging in, they back-pedal, apologize, and leave.

Once they are gone, she says, “Our people will help you, but you must do exactly what you are told.”

If the Germans catch us, I would be sent to a prison camp, but they would be pushed against the stone wall of the farmhouse and shot on the spot. I’m taken down to the kitchen where a young girl feeds me soup, bread, and cheese, my first meal in more than 24 hours. I wolf it down. Later that night, the village doctor climbs the ladder to the hayloft, and I’m let out of my dark little cell long enough for him to pick the shrapnel from my hands and feet. The shrapnel puncture in my lower calf is not very deep. When he’s done, the doc makes a little speech in French, probably saying, “Hey, kid, your wounds are the least of your problems.”

The next night, LeFarge and I rode bikes to the nearest large town Casteljaloux.

(Victoria Yeager note:

L1020602The doctor is Dr. Henri Cahn, a Jewish doctor who had been put in a French work camp from which he escaped. Near this camp, Allons, became a center for the French underground. The French underground members called him Dr. Henri or Dr. Henri Babbi to hide his ethnic background. He slept in his car in a different spot in the forest every night. The forest is based on sand and some quicksand. Dr. Henri’s son, Eric, now in his 70’s showed General Yeager and me the forests and we showed him the work camp which we had found. The beautiful building, former mansion, on the farm had clearly been used for cells and chains. The French milice (special police), trying to prove they were as good or better than the Nazis were even worse and more feared.

The Russian lady’s family had been very wealthy in Russia. During the Bolshevik Revolution, her family, leaving much of their wealth behind, had moved from Russia to Paris, France. Just before Paris fell to the Germans in 1940, she moved down to Cours les Bains area an hour or more southeast of Bordeaux. She ran a spa with sulfa hot springs, and this is where F/O Yeager was taken. General Yeager and I have visited this place. The original two-story area where the Russian lady first met F/O Yeager is no longer there and the spa is boarded up, but the rest of the house has been renovated by a young couple. The barn is still there and looks like it used to be a small church.)

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General Yeager Leads Fly By for General Eisenhower’s Memorial – in his own words

March 7th, 2021

General Yeager told this story at the National Memorial Day Parade in 2012:

“Don’t tell anybody but:

After General Eisenhower died, Mamie Eisenhower asked if I could plan, lead and execute a fly-by during his funeral procession.

“I responded: Yes, ma’am!

“I called the Pentagon and Andrews to set it up. A two star said: “You aren’t allowed to fly down Pennsylvania Avenue so you will not be doing so.”

“Me: Okay.

“Just in case, though, I led a flight of 8 F-4s from Seymour Johnson to Andrews AFB ready to do the fly by down Pennsylvania Avenue for General Eisenhower.

“However on the day of the funeral, March 31, 1969, probably reflecting how we all felt about General Eisenhower’s passing, the weather was stinkin’ – foggy. The 2 star general made it clear: we were not allowed to fly down Pennsylvania Avenue.

“I got a call there: Yeager, this is General McConnell.

“Me: Yes, sir.

“Gen McC: Do you think you can fly down Pennsylvania Avenue today?

“Me: Sir, can you see the Capitol Dome?

“Gen McC: Just barely.

“Me: Then yes, sir, I think I can.

“Gen McC: Good. Then do it.

“Me: Sir, there’s a two star general here that tells me we can’t do the flight.

“Gen McC: Yeager, do you know who I am

“Me: Yes, sir. General McConnell.

“Gen McC: Right. And do you know what I do?

“Me: Yes, sir. Chief of Staff of the Air Force.

“Gen McC: Then fly down Pennsylvania Avenue.

“Me: Yes, sir.

“The two star was very very unhappy. to say the least.

“I’ll never forget as we were flying down, I was leading two flights of four. The second flight was stacked down. The leader called in: Col, we’re awfully close to the tops of these trees.”

“Me (Gen Yeager): It ain’t the trees you need to worry about, it’s the Capitol Dome that will wipe you out!

“He laughed.

“That’s how Mamie Eisenhower got a formation fly by to honor her deserving, well-respected husband: General Eisenhower.”

c. GCYI

Shot down over France

March 4th, 2021

Free falling. Flat on my back. Spinning from 16,000 feet. Velocity doubling each second. Hold off. Get below clouds where Krauts can’t see your chute. Yank that cord now, you’re dead. Germans strafe guys floating down. Clouds whisk past. French countryside filling horizon. Even so, wait goddammit. Ground rushing up. Occupied territory.

Two fingers grip chute ring. A cannister of carbon dioxide hooked to my Mae West bangs close to my head. It’s tethered to the dinghy we sit on in the cockpit, and the dinghy which the CO2 inflates if we go down in the English Channel, flaps in the wind like an enormous doughnut. I unclip the cannister and the dinghy and they fall away.

Corner of my eye – ground closing in. Smell forests and fields below.

Now!

I yank the ripcord ring.

The parachute blossoms, barking my fall, and I’m rocking gently in the winter sky. Below me, the hills and fields are crawling with Germans. I see black smoke from my airplane wreckage and seat the slow ride down. I’m easy target practice from the ground.

I hear a dogfight raging far above me – the chattering machine guns and roaring engines of dozens of fighter planes spinning across the sky above a dull gray cloud deck. I’m dropping down over southern France on a deceptively peaceful countryside. I work the shroud lines toward a pine forest.

Trees rush up at me. I reach out and grab on to the top of a twenty-foot pine. I bounce a couple times on that limber sapling, leaning it over to the ground, just as I did as a kid in the hollers of West Virginia, when we’d ride pines for miles through the woods. In only seconds, I’m six inches from the ground I sept down, gather in my parachute to use later as a shelter and limp off into the woods. There’s blood on my pant leg, blood on my torn leather gloves, and blood dripping down the front of my flying jacket from my head.

The woods are dark and still, but even as I move deeper into them, I hear the distant rumble of army vehicles and the sounds of voices shouting in German. They pick you up fast in occupied territory before the locals can hide you. The bastards saw me coming down. (Victoria & I found later the one German tower it seemed in all of southern France. It was perfectly situated to see my descent.)

It is slightly past noon on Sunday, March 5, 1944 and I’m a wounded, twenty-one-year-old American fighter pilot, shot down and on the run. After only eight combat missions, I’m now “missing in action”. World War II shot out from under me by the 20mm cannons of the FW-190. The world exploded. I ducked to protect my face with my hands, and when I looked a second later, my engine was on fired, and there was a gaping hole in my wingtip. The airplane began to spin. It happened so fast, there was no time to panic. I knew I was going down. I was barely able to unfasten my safety belt and crawl over the seat before my burning P-51 began to snap and roll, heading for the ground.

(Note from Victoria Yeager: The first time General Yeager sat me in the cockpit of the P-51, it was difficult to get in and out of. As I was struggling to get out of the stationary P-51 on the ground, I asked General Yeager: “How did you get out when you were shot down?” He responded, “I didn’t have to – it was falling in pieces around me.”)

I just fell out of the cockpit when the plane turned upside down – my canopy was shot away.

I treat my wounds in the deep brush. There are shrapnel punctures in my feet and hands from the shells that hit around my cockpit: I’ve got a hole in the lower part of my right calf from a fragment that tore through my fleece-lined boot, and a gash on my forehead from banging against the CO2 cannister when I fell out of my dead airplane. I sprinkle sulfa powder on the leg wound and bandage it, then study a silk map of Europe that is sewn into our flight suits. I’m about 50 miles east of Bordeaux, near the town near Angouleme, where our bombers had blasted a German airdrome five minutes before I was shot down.

Man, I can’t believe how fast luck changes in war. Just yesterday, I landed back in England after scoring my first kill over Berlin. The weather was stinking, but I spotted an ME-109 below me, dove on him and blew him to pieces. Today, some kraut is drinking mission whiskey, celebrating hitting me.

(Note from Victoria: Gen Yeager and I learned that that kraut was not celebrating – US flight leader, Obie O’Brien saw the German that had shot down Flight Officer Yeager was heading for Yeager to kill him in his parachute and Obie chased him, shot at him, and most likely shot him down. There are several versions. One is his plane was crippled. The other is the German jumped out and his chute didn’t open. His plane crashed in a field that ultimately swallowed it up.)

Flying tail-end Charlie I didn’t have much of a chance. Our squadron of 18 Mustangs took off from our base on the British coast to escort B-24s on their bombing run. 16 Mustangs, 4 flights of 4, provided air cover, the two extras joining the mission only if there were aborts. I was an extra and when a Mustang from Captain O’Brien’s flight of 4 turned back over the Channel with engine problems, I pulled in as the 4th plane – the tail-end Charlie. Krauts attack from above and behind, and it’s the last tail that gets hit first. I saw the three Focke-Wulf fighters, diving at me, and radioed a warning to O’Brien. “Cement-Green leader, three bandits at 5 o’clock. Break right.” We turned sharply to meet the bastards head-on. As I turned, the first Focke-Wulf hammered me.

(Note from Victoria Yeager: The bombers were headed to bomb a German munitions factory in Bordeaux, but the weather was stinkin’ – the cloud cover was so thick the bombers could not see the city, let alone where the factory was. The lead bomber pilot broke silence and told the group to head east to Bergerac airport, a secondary target. By breaking silence, the Germans, monitoring radios, heard the US bombers were there and sent a few fighters up one of which shot down F/O Yeager.

The French below could hear the aerial combat above – couldn’t see it because of the cloud cover. Two kids had just left the service at their father’s church and saw F/O Yeager’s plane heading towards the ground and Yeager jumping out and pulling his chute. Another two kids, age 4, Christiane, and 6 – Etienne Labardin saw the parachute and thought it was a bomb so ran and hid. Their father found the window from General Yeager’s canopy and kept it. The six-year-old, Etienne, offered it to General Yeager 64 years later and became a good friend.)

I study my escape map, trying to figure my best route across the Pyrenees into Spain. The deep mountain snows should be melting by late spring; if I can stay clear of the Germans, I might be able to contact the French underground for help. There would be no help if these were German woods, I’d wind up a POW or worse fall into the hands of angry farmer who’d rather use axes and pitchforks than take prisoners. All of us carry 45 caliber automatics; mine gripped in my right hand.

Even now, in shock from being shot down, cold and scared, I figure my chances are good for coming out of this alive. I know how to trap and hunt and live off Mother Nature. Back home, if we had a job to do, we did it. And my job now is to evade capture and escape.

c. GCYI

 

 

 

Combat over Berlin March 4, 1944. The Cavalry

March 3rd, 2021
Flight Officer Chuck Yeager with his P-51B

Flight Officer Chuck Yeager with his P-51B

Glamorus Glen

March 4, 1944

Some of us never got word of the recall. The weather was stinkin’. There were only two of us P-51s escorting a box of bombers for the first US daylight raid over Berlin. None of us had gotten the recall. I spotted an Me-109 below me, dove on him and blew him to pieces: my first kill.

Several decades later in an interview, the lead bomber pilot called the two P-51s the cavalry. Bombers were exposed so they were thrilled to see me shoot down the deadly threat of the Me-109.

I also shot down a Heinkel 111 but never got credit for it.

As we were returning and I was low on ammunition, I broke silence to warn the bomber group I was coming in for protection and to tell the trigger-happy gunners not to shoot me down. Bombers have navigation equipment – so much better than dead reckoning when the weather is stinkin’.

I made it back safely to Leiston, my air base, elated with my first of five on a path to Fighter Ace.

Encounter report can be found here: https://www.chuckyeager.com/first-me-109-victory-4-march-1944

 

c. GCYI

Great Aviatrix, Pancho Barnes, in Chuck Yeager’s Own Words

March 2nd, 2021

I first met Pancho Barnes on my first trip to Muroc in 1945, when we were testing Shooting Stars. Pancho was 46 when I first met her. She had black hair and dark eyes, slim hips and broad shoulders. She would never use a 5 or 6 letter word when a four-letter word would do. She had the filthiest mouth that any of us fighter jocks had ever heard. Now, that’s saying a lot, but it’s true.

YEAGERPANCHO2 Chuck Yeager & Pancho Barnes

 

She owned Pancho Barnes Fly In which became the Happy Bottom Riding Club. General Jimmy Doolittle and I were the first two members.

panchochuck

Hell, we liked each other right off the bat. She was used to Hollywood stunt pilots and civilian test pilots. She found out I was a fighter ace and wanted to know all about combat flying. I never met anyone like her. She was a famous aviatrix, one of Hollywood’s early stunt pilots and winner of Tom Thumb races in the early 1930’s. She had flown with Jimmy Doolittle, Toohy Spaatz, and Paul Mantz.

Her real name was Florence Lowe. Her grandfather was Thaddeus Lowe, one of the founders of Caltech, who had used a hydrogen balloon for artillery observation during the Civil War. General Billy Mitchell and he espoused the same strategy – air power superiority for war.

In the Spring of 1947, I again made a trip to Muroc and Pancho asked me to fly down to Mexico with her in her Stinson. She flew it herself and was a damn good pilot. We flew into Hermosillo where the mayor greeted her like an old pal. They stuffed us with food and filled our tanks with tequila to the point where yours truly fell asleep in a closet. The next morning, we set out on horses to a remote Yaqui Indian village. We rode all day to get there and they welcomed her like a queen. The Indians took us hunting deer on horseback. Every time I’d shoot, that damn horse would rear, and with me holding on for dear life, gallop into the brush.

From there, we flew to Guaymas, where Pancho had a friend who owned a fishing boat. We went out and caught marlin. I had a ball, and by the time we came back from that weekend, we were good friends. And I was just a maintenance officer. Her liking me had nothing to do with the X-1.

She never let us Air Corps guys at our salaries pay for food or drinks.

1950s Yeager group Photo at Pancho Barnes (Credit Dr Lou D'Elia who owns the rights to the Pancho Estate) 412TW-PA-21001

She liked Glennis and would often have us stay with our kids at her motel or give us steaks to take home.

She offered a free steak dinner for whomever broke the sound barrier. If anyone spoke against me, they were kicked out and never let back in.

When Russ Schleeh had a terrible accident and ended up in a full body cast except for his groin, she put on a heavy raincoat, pocketed some whiskey, brought her best gal, and snuck it all into Russ’ room. (One time, years later, I was telling this story with Russ there, and I said, “I don’t remember her name.” Russ chimed in immediately, with ecstasy he exclaimed “Julie. Her name was Julie.”)

Later, General Boyd had put down an edict. No more buzzing Pancho’s. She was fairly right off the end of the runway. One morning, my wingman and I did buzz Pancho’s. She didn’t mind me doing it – I knew what I was doing. When we landed, I had two phone calls. One from General Boyd and another from Pancho. She made sure that I called her first.

She told me General Boyd had been at her place the morning having spent the night with one of her girls and had heard me buzzing.

General Boyd called us onto the carpet in his office. He wanted to know why we had disobeyed a direct order.

I thought, nothing to lose, and replied, “Sir, how did you know?”

He glared at me and said, “Get out!”

Yes, Pancho was a damn good pilot and a great friend.

 

c. GCYI

 

Chuck Yeager’s Parents & His Childhood Church

February 28th, 2021

There were two Methodists churches in Hamlin. One was the Southern Methodist Church all Democrats, the otherChuck's parents church cover page brochure congregation was Northern Methodist Church the hardcore Republicans of Lincoln County, where we belonged.

On election day, Dad traveled the hollers armed with two-dollar bills and whiskey trying to buy GOP votes.

Dad, Albert Hal Yeager, had Dutch and German background and was stubborn and opinionated about what he believed and didn’t care who knew it. He stood only about 5’8” and weighed 200lbs, about half that weight was in each of his powerful arms. Dad’s word was his binding contract; if he said he would do something and shook hands on it, that was his unbreakable commitment. Dad’s family name was originally “Jager” later changed phonetically to Yeager, meaning hunter in German.

Chuck's parents church Susie Mae Yeager brochureMom, Susie Mae Yeager, was two inches taller than Dad, a big boned, no nonsense churchgoer who lowered the boom on any of us if we got out of line. Mom was half Dutch with some French ancestry in her family. Like the Yeagers, her family was West Virginia country people, small farmers planted in the hollers of the Appalachians since the early nineteenth century.

My parents were in their mid-twenties when I was born on February 13, 1923, the second of their five children, in Myra, West Virginia. My brother Roy, a year and a half older, born up the holler in Myra, was in every way my big brother; he would grow up to be 6’ and weight 250 lbs. My first wife, Glennis, called him the “gentle giant” but as a kid, I gladly trailed behind a brother twice my size. Nobody picked on me.

c. GCYI

I Never Lost a Pilot While Flying Chase by Chuck Yeager

February 24th, 2021

Many, many pilots died testing airplanes over the Mojave desert from Muroc, then Edwards AFB, CA. Over 51 streets were named after those who lost their lives flying test. Even Edwards is named after Glen Edwards.

General Yeager’s own words flying chase for test pilots:

I never lost a pilot while flying chase; but there were many close calls. After I had flown the X-4 research airplane, the Air Force turned it over to NACA, and I flew chase for their pilot, Joe Walker. We were climbing together through 20,000 feet and I was listening to Joe talking to the control center, when it hit me that there was something very wrong. Joe wasn’t making any sense, and he was slurring his words.

Hey, I thought, that guy has hypoxia. And it was going to get worse because we were climbing straight up. Without enough oxygen, pilots act drunk and irrational, then black out. I flew close to his cockpit and saw that his head wasn’t rolling from side to side which probably meant he was getting partial oxygen from his mask. I radio, “Hey, Joe, be alert. Go to one hundred percent on your oxygen.”

He replied, “Oh, shut up, will you. I’m trying to fly a program here.”

I needed a way to slap him back to reality. I said, “Hey, man, I just flamed out. Got me a real emergency. Follow me down.” That got through to him, and he went down with me., his head clearing at the lower altitude, although he was dazed. Being typical NACA-arrogant, he was ready to readjust his oxygen mask and go back up. “No way.” I said, “Get down on the ground.” He finally did.

 

c. GCYI

Protected: Victoria Yeager’s First Adventure – 22 months BC

February 5th, 2021

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ARPS – early astronaut training

July 14th, 2019

In late 1961, we were ready to screen applicants for our first class at the space school, and because they would be the first bunch, the screening process was particularly thorough. We wanted only the very best pilots, and our first couple of classes consisted of experienced military test pilots, who had graduated from Edwards’ test pilot school, and whose abilities and academic background were demonstrably outstanding. Our space course was six months of intensive classroom work and flight training. My staff at Edwards culled the applications, pulled out the most promising student candidates, conducted preliminary checks of their records, and forwarded their recommendations to a selection committee at the Pentagon, which carefully reviewed the background of each applicant, conducted personal interviews, sought evaluations from their superiors and further winnowed the list.

I was a member of the final selection committee and after several months of interviewing and tough deciding, we published our list of the first eleven students. Actually, we had twenty-six names in order of preference, but we didn’t publish our list that way: we just named eleven guys alphabetically as the members of our first class, and listed the first three or four alternates, in case any of them dropped out.

The quality of those selected was such that they added tremendously to the prestige of our new school which was our intention all along. I was thrilled with the choices. But when our list was published, I received a phone call from the Chief of Staff’s office asking whether any of the first eleven were black pilots. I said no. Only one black pilot had applied for the course and he was number twenty-six on the list. I was informed that the White House wanted a black pilot in the space course.

The Chief of Staff was General Curtis LeMay, probably the most controversial personality in the Air Force since his days as the tough, cigar-chewing head of SAC. I knew him pretty well. I remember briefing him at SAC headquarters after I had tested the MiG 15 on Okinawa, and he was very interested in the MiG’s directional instability while climbing “Yeager how bad is that snaking motion?” he asked. I t old him: “Well, sir, just about right to hit a B-36 wingtip to wingtip if you were shooting at him.” My answer really tickled him, and he told it all around. And during my tour in Germany, he sent for me while I was in Spain, to show me off a little during a hunting trip with Franco. General LeMay wasn’t what I would call a smoothie. He was blunt, you didn’t have to read between the lines dealing with him.

He got on the phone and said: “Bobby Kennedy wants a colored in space. Get one into your course.” I said, “Well, General, it’s gonna be difficult. We have one applicant, a captain named Dwight, who came out number twenty-six. We already published our list with the fifteen who made it, and it’s going to be embarrassing to republish the list with Dwight’s name on it because now everyone knows who the first fifteen are.” He said, “Okay, I’ll just tell them they’re too late for this first class.” But a 150-millimeter shell came ripping in from the White House and LeMay was told: “By God, you will have a black pilot in that program – now!” He called me back “Do what you have to do, Yeager, get that colored guy in.” I said, “Okay, General but what I think we ought to do is take at least fifteen students in the first class, instead of eleven and make him number fifteen. Give me a little more money and I can handle this many in the school.”

He arrived and we brought Dwight in. Ed Dwight was an average pilot with an average academic background. He wasn’t a bad pilot, but he wasn’t exceptionally talented either. Flying with a good bunch in a squadron, he would probably get by. But he just couldn’t compete in the space course against the best of the crop of experienced military test pilots. In those days, there were still comparatively few black pilots in the Air Force, but Dwight sure as hell didn’t represent the top of the talent pool. I had flown with outstanding pilots like Emmett Hatch and Eddie Lavelle, but unfortunately (black) guys of their quality didn’t apply for the course. Dwight did. So determined was the Kennedy Administration to have a black pilot in the program, they also lowered the standards for height. Dwight was shorter than the required 5’4”. So, we brought him in, set up a special tutoring program to get him through the academics because , as I recall, he lacked the engineering academics that all the other students had.

Hell, I felt for Dwight, remembering my own academic problems in test pilots school. It’s really a rough situation and he didn’t have a Jack Ridley working with him – a genius in explaining the most complicated problems in understandable language. He worked hard, and so did his tutors, but he just couldn’t hack it. And he didn’t keep up in flying. I worked with him on that and so did other instructors, but our students were flying at levels of proficiency that were really beyond his experience. The only prejudice against Dwight was a conviction shared by all the instructors that he was not qualified to be in the school.

So, we had a problem. General LeMay had asked me to keep him informed about Dwight’s progress and knew what was happening at Edwards. About halfway through the course, I flew to Washington to attend an Air Force banquet and was seated next to General LeMay. He asked me if there was any improvement with Dwight. I said: “No, sir. We’re having a lot of trouble trying keep him from getting so far behind the others that it will be hopeless. He’s just not hacking it.” The General grunted. Then, he looked me in the eye and said, “Chuck, if you want to wash out Dwight, I’ll back you all the way.” I about fell out of my chair.

But it didn’t come to that. Dwight hung on and squeezed through. He got his diploma qualifying him to be the nation’s first black astronaut, but NASA did not select him and a few powerful supporters in Washington demanded to know why. The finger of blame was pointed at the school and I was hauled on the carpet to answer charges of racism raised by Dwight and some of his friends.

All hell broke loose. A few black congressmen announced they would launch an investigation of the incident and the Air Force counselor, their chief lawyer, flew to Edwards from the Pentagon to personally take charge of the case. Man, I was hot. I told that lawyer, “You do have a case of discrimination here. The White House discriminated by forcing us to take an unqualified guy. And we would have discriminated by passing him because he was black.” Maybe “discrimination” was the wrong word, but I made my point.  Anyway, the decision was made to fly in a group of black civil rights attorneys and a few congressmen and show them Dwight’s school records.

I met with them. I said, “I’m the Commandant of the school, but the truth is, I lack the education to qualify as a NASA astronaut. It so happens I couldn’t care less. But if I did care a lot, there isn’t a damn thing I could do about it because the  regulations say I must have a college degree. Captain Dwight may care a lot about getting a diploma from this school, but the fact is he lacks the academic background and the flying skill to do it. Anyone with his grades deserved to be washed out, or it would be discrimination in reverse. Now, here are his complete school records from day one. Let’s review them page by page.”

The group had no idea he was receiving special tutoring and was shocked to see his poor grades. They were satisfied that prejudice was in no way involved in this case. But that wasn’t quite the end of it. I was so damned mad, I told the Air Force lawyer: “Hey, I want to file some charges of my own. I’m a full colonel and he’s a captain. I want to charge him with insubordination. If he brought charges against me and couldn’t make them stick, I want that guy court-martialed.” I was told, no way, the Air Force would not allow that to happen because they had taken enough heat over this matter already.

I was disgusted. I knew damn well that Dwight had taken a cheap shot against my West Virginia accent to save face. If I had been born in Philadelphia or New York, he wouldn’t have tried. He was prejudiced against me thinking anyone from my part of the world was a redneck bigot. Many Southern whites who are honest will admit having problems about race in a general sense, but I didn’t have to be the type who thought of all blacks as niggers to flunk Ed Dwight. And what really hurt was the guy called into question not only my professional integrity, but also my most basic loyalty to the Air Force which had allowed me, an undereducated country boy to climb as high as my talents would take me. Ignoring the fact that I was a raw kid often made fun of as a hillbilly, they gave me a chance to crawl into a cockpit of an expensive airplane and prove that I had what it took to fly that thing. I knew prejudice. I ran up against officers who looked down their noses at my ways and accent and pegged me as a damned down-home squirrel chaser. But damn it, the Air Force as an institution never let me down for an instant. In spite of where I came from or what I lacked, they trained me and gave me every opportunity to prove myself. Nowadays it has become  fashionable for some companies to advertise themselves as “equal opportunity employer”. The Air Force practiced that with me right from the start, and I would never deny to anyone else the chance to prove his worth, no matter what or who he is. There never were black pilots or white pilots in the Air Force. There were only pilots who knew how to fly and pilots who didn’t.

 

  1. GCYI

From Yeager, An Autobiography pp 342-346. Published 1984